The Foundation of Britain’s Feudal System.

It is believed the first wave of proto-Celtic settlers to Britain arrived in the Late Bronze Age, roughly between 1500 BC and 1000 BC. These early Celtic arrivals were the precursor for what became a long-established tradition of feudal and tribal Kingship, which was held dear by the later post-Roman peoples of Britain and still today by all proud Welsh.

Geoffrey of Monmouth in his History of the Kings of Britain tapped into this ancient oral history and greatly extended earlier known work, attempting to list the lineage of all the kings of Britain, who reigned after the somewhat mythical arrival of one Brutus Greenshield from Rome. These Proto-Britons are believed to be an early influx of Continental Celts (possibly archaeology-supported) circa 1100 BC and their rule remained up to AD 689, when the end of  Gwynedd's (Venedotia’s) attempts to regain Lloygr; the territory lost to the Anglo-Saxons, signaled to many that the time of the Brythons had come to an end.

These early arrivals were probably led by feudal rulers of the tribes which became Brythonic over the following generations and these tribal Kings who rose to High-Kingship, would undoubtedly have been strong rulers of their own tribal groups. By what means we can only imagine they came to hold high-kingship over the other tribes, perhaps motivated by territorial wars or other calamities but it must have been a ‘Darwinian’ climb to power. These early, true High-Kings were thought to have been ultimate warlords, wielding immense power but it is known that in later years toward the middle of the iron-age period, the much honoured title of PenDdraig (Pendragon) was only bestowed in times of emergency, such as wars between states, or for the landings of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, commonly being temporary appointments.

These ‘heroic-age’ Brythonic/Celtic Kingdoms almost always came to form the ancestral birthright locations of later post-Roman Brythonic Kings, their histories, achievements, land boundaries and family lineages being fiercely protected by their Bards. The Brythonic warrior class placed a great deal of importance on their paternal lineage and being able to recite one's ancestors would have been a given. These ancient names have survived an incredible test of time considering the largest part of the lists would have been remembered in an oral tradition of songs, poems and englyns by the Country’s Bards and I’m sure still reflect a good deal of truth even to this day. In view of this oral tradition, the Brythons in this period left no written records but the ‘Post-Roman’ Britons did. Sadly however, most of this Roman British writing would have been lost, when almost all the records they possessed were burned in the Saxon invasions which then followed but much of this has never been proved conclusively.

The following list being the approximate lineage of the great Beli Mawr, is far from complete as there were many blanks and omissions in the surviving lists. It should not then be taken as being historically accurate, but it does form a framework for the known progenitors to the High-King’s ancestors. They must have been an impressive line of warlords, as their offspring became the uncontested rulers of Cymbri and all of Prydein.

The listed lineage (with exceptions and omissions); ‘ap’ = son of.

Beli ap Manogan ap Eneid ap Cerwyd ap Crydon ap Dyfnarth (285 BC) ap Cherin ap Porrex (II) ap Millus ap Elidyr ap Peredur ap Ingenius ap Archgallo ap Kinarius ap Guithelin ap Gurguit-Barbtruc ap Belenos-Hên/Belinus (387 BC) ap Dyfnwal ap Dunfallo ap Cloten ap Rudaucus ap Staterius ap Pinner ap Ferrex/Porrex ap Corodubic ap Kimarcus ap Iago ap Sisillius ap Gurgastius ap Rifallo ap Cuneglas (750 BC) ap Marganus ap Leir ap Bladud ap Rud-Hud-Hudibras ap Brutus Geenshield.

The Research.

As in much of any ancient or iron-age research, the confusions and conflicts in the surviving history are myriad. In the face of these conflicts and discrepancies, one has to steer a chosen path through the minefield of remaining information, conjecture and opinion.

I have named the tribes of Prydein in a fairly simple way, as they were written down by Romans, who heard these names spoken in Brythonic. However, the different vowel patterns and syntax of Latin caused them to Romanise these tribe’s names almost immediately. I have merely re-interpreted these Romanised names; back into something I consider a little more Cymraeg, or ‘Brythonic’.  Some are known, such as Orddofic or Gorddofic for the Ordovices. Dinorwig (Dun of the Orddofics) in North Wales is a memory fragment from their tribe’s ancient name, as is Essyllyr for the Silures, which have been enshrined in Cymru’s history. So too were the Wenyllon, the ferocious ‘Venicones’, who waged a 25-year guerrilla war against the Romans when they invaded proper in 43 AD. There is much debate as to whether the Ordovices were a separate tribe to the Essyllyr/Silures, or possibly a ruling aristocracy. I have chosen the latter, as it suits my needs for this story. The Carfetau (Carvetti), the ‘People of the Deer’, who worshipped Cornonnyn. (Cernunnos is a later Latinised name and again I have interpreted this name into something closer to what I believe was the original; Corn = Horn). 

Sadly or happily depending on your viewpoint, for Caesar’s subsequent foray the following year and the 700^th anniversary of the founding of Rome, Caswallawn in his infinite wisdom and hubris decided he didn’t need the Northern Triad to help him, even though they were declared eager and ready to make the long journey south again in defence of Britain.  Caswallawn in his arrogance had declared he wouldn’t need the Northern Triad and his Houses alone could repel the foolhardy Wolf of Rome, once and for all. This ‘Northern Exclusion’ was a massive insult to the northern tribes after all they had done in the first invasion and must have caused uproar and eternal resentment toward the southern tribes. (It may have even been the ancient inspiration for Britain’s current north-south cultural divide). 

Regardless of Caswallawn’s preparatory fortifications of LludsDun, the Thames approaches and many parts of coastal Kent and regardless of his courage and leadership, the shambles of this second defence and the internecine and treacherous, shameful back-stabbing which prevailed remains a sad and pivotal point. In this writer’s humble opinion, it marked the ending of the natural development of the ancient Celtic/ Brythonic traditions and culture in mainland Britain and eventually, changed the form and manner of Britons themselves. Regardless of the southern tribes’ shameful supplication to Rome, Celtic Britain had almost a century to organise itself prior to the true Roman invasion of 43 AD, but they spent this time mostly adopting the culture, dress and attitudes of Rome, fighting each other and manoeuvring for more personal power, land and wealth. 

A cynical, technological age had come to replace a mythical, magical era and nothing in Britain would ever be the same again but hey, at least the roads got sorted out!

Later Welsh writing & the ‘Mabinogion’ manuscripts:

In later Welsh manuscripts, the age-old oral tradition had been written down and the contents made contentious and controversial reading to contemporary historians. The allies’ first major contact with Caesar following his landing, was made on at a flat plain of land near a stronghold known as CaerCant, (Canterbury Fort, Kent suggested). 

Caesar’s account of the first contact and ensuing battle is well documented. However, in these later Welsh texts the Bards proposed that during this battle, King Nynniaw was able to bring Caesar to single-combat. In this bout of mortal-combat, Nynniaw was struck a terrible blow to the head by Caesar himself, part of which was stopped by his shield and helmet, but Caesar’s legendary Gladius had stuck-fast to Nynniaw’s shield-rim. Nynniaw then threw down his own sword and claimed the Roman gladius from his split shield. 

Caesar fled at this shocking loss, as the famous son of Beli Mawr although wounded was armed with a Roman Gladius and he slaughtered many Romans with Caesar’s own blade. Rumours were rife at the time that ‘Caesar the Treacherous’ had poisoned his blade, as all who had been injured by it on the field of battle subsequently died, as did Nynniaw himself 15 days later in fevered agony. Caesar’s suspected poisoned gladius was labelled ‘Crocea Mors’ by the Brythons, meaning yellow or ruddy-death and eternally cursed.

It seems that Caesar just about escaped with his life on that first incursion in 55 BC and regardless of his later personal reports written in comfort and with the benefit of hindsight, he was given a thorough trouncing on the hills, fields and beaches of Kent by the allied Brythons.  Caesar fled the field, supposedly ‘leaving most of his ships and a huge pile of bounty on the beach that summer, due to an impending storm’. A suspicious excuse given his experience and military prowess and one which tells its own powerful tale, in this author’s humble opinion.

His more successful second invasion was far better documented, and I have attempted to weave a credible story from the known time-line and series of events which unfolded. Some historians doubted that an elephant was brought to Britain for Caesar’s second invasion, many thinking the story was confused with the Roman invasion proper of 43 AD, but I have included it in my story for interest.

Book locations and their ancient names.

Some known and others suggested or interpreted by me *

Loch Lugh – Loch Lughmond/Lomond (ancient name)

*Ynys Myrun - Inchmurrin Isle on Loch Lomond

*Bidog (Biggar, Falkirk), Cadwy’s fictional Tumony. (Bidog means Dagger in Welsh).

*Draenwen (Symington, near Biggar - fictional)

*Rhosmêl - Melrose

*Barlyswr ar Twaid – Berwick upon Tweed. (Berwick comes from the Celtic for Barley-Town)

Ulapul - Ullapool           

Treflan Arain/Dyngwal - Dingwall

*Treflan Heledd – Helensburgh

*Cul Pentîr – Mull of Kintyre

*CaerCiaran – Campbeltown on the Mull of Kintyre (Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain)

Ynys Dafâr – Island of Davaar in the bay off Campbeltown.

Sound of Sanddu – Sanda Sound between the Mull and the Island of Sanda.

Culfor Gogledd - Northern Channel between Scotland and Ireland.

*Tref Brynrhôsyn - Montrose -   (Monadh Rois) - Rose Mountain = Bryn Rhôsyn

*Treflan Ythan - Newburgh (near the Aber of Afon Ythan)

*Porth Talar – Portrush (Rush = Promontory. Talar = Isthmus in old Welsh)

Ynys Rathlyn – Rathlin Island, off the coast of Ballycastle on the northern coast of Ireland

Linn Cromay – Cromarty Firth

*DunLefy – Livingstone

DunFfarfair - Forfar – (Baile Fharfair)

Ailgin - Elgin

Blear Gourie  - Blairgowrie    

Aelofa - Alloa 

Bae Morican – Morecambe Bay

DunAyr – Ayr. 

DunAer (Dundee) In Wenyllon. Known back then as the ‘Fortress of Fire’, DunAer is situated on the northern banks of the Linn Tat, (Firth of Tay). In the centre of the town is the tall hill known as Bryn Aer (The Flame of the Law), on which the Caer is built. On the nearby plain of Rhynd, a hundred reeds from the tip of the handle of the inverted-axe shaped Ynys Morfa (More Islet), which sits in a wide bend of Linn That, lies the Hillfort of DunMorfa.

DunMorfa - House of Lady Karych – (Moncreiffe Hillfort, Perth). It lays 300 reeds south of the head of the ‘floating-axe’ island, commanding the plain of Rhynd and its southern approaches.  

CaerUricorn - The Wrekin, Wroxeter, Shrewsbury.

The earliest mention of the Wrekin (pronounced locally as REE-KIN) occurs in a charter of 855, as entered in a late 11th century Worcester cartulary, spelled Wreocensetun. Its modern form is believed to have come into modern English by way of Mercian, and that is likely to have been taken from the early Celtic word Wrikon. It is presumed to be etymologically related to the Latin name for the town of Viroconium Cornoviorum – Viroconium - "place of werewolves". Modern Wroxeter is where the ancient Cornovii, the Brittonic tribe inhabited the area. There is an Iron Age hill fort on the summit of the Wrekin which is almost 8 ha (20 acres) in size, to which the name Uricornio (CaerUricorn) originally referred. It is thought the fort was built by the Cornovii tribe and was once their Capital. (Wikipedia)  

CaerUricorn, CaerCaradoc and DunLaw were three hillforts run by the Cornafau which lay in a row, within signalling distance. (See list of Forts)

Ynys Medcaut – Lindisfarne. The island’s ancient name, as it sits so prettily in the Bay of the same name. It had been associated with healing and well-being for centuries before it became Christian.

CaerMencipiwr (Gorhambury Fort, Saint Albans, Herts suggested). The site lies near the famous Roman fortress of ‘Verulamion’ and was known before the Roman invasion, as Cair Mencipit by the early Welsh and a loose interpretation may be; Men = Place + Cipio/Cipiwr = Snatch/Snatcher (Place of the Snatchers? – sounds idyllic)

CaerFaddon/Blaidd – Tref Baddon (Bath), thought to have been founded by King Bladud Fawr, the famous King Leir’s father. Glorified by the Romans a century later than these books and made more famous over half a millennia later still by King Arthur, Baddon or Bath, was known to have been a capital of the Dobunny tribe. Closely associated with the Dobunny’s ‘Braniau Ddu’ tribe (Branogena) – the ‘Black Raven Clan’, who were real enough and known to control CaerOdor (Bristol) and CaerFaddon (Bath), among many other hillforts in the region facing Wales.  ‘Anted’ was a King’s name found on a Dobunnic coin, minted around the time of this story and so I have used his name as King of the Dobunny.  The hot-spring at Baddon had been used for eons by the Brythons and all who came before them in the form of a steaming mere, before being contained and delineated by Roman concrete. It was held as one of Britain’s most sacred places by its people and must have teemed with Druids and Ovates at the time. It seems the Romans agreed that it was a special place, as they built the world-famous bath complex around it, which they dedicated to Sulis (Brythonic/Celtic Goddess) and Minerva (Roman Goddess), whom they equated.

The fortresses of Prydein C: 55 BC.

Galedon/Caledonia.

Cornafa (u) Ddu/Northern (Black) Cornovii (Highland Alliance)

•             DunTarwDdu - (Tarvedunum – Black Bull Hillfort, Dunnet Head, Thurso, Highlands)

•             DunEribol – (Durness, Highlands)

•             DunBaedd – (Dunbeath, Highlands)

•             DunPabwyr - (Wick Fort, Highlands)

Tawescally/Taexali.

•             CaerDeuan - (Aberdeen Fort, Aberdeen)

•             DunAer – (Dundee Fort, Perthshire – ‘Fortress of Fire’

•             Mynydd Rhosyn – Montrose (Monadh Rois - Rose Mountain)  

•             CaerFfarfair - Forfar (Baile Fharfair)

Fachomagia (u) Vacomagii.

•             DunAdar - (Ala Castra, Peninsula Fort at Burghead, near Lossiemouth)

•             CaerNis – (Inverness)

•             DunAilgin - Elgin

Galedon (au)/Caledonii.

•             *CaerCamelon - (Camlann - Camelon Fort, Camelon, Falkirk) King Ederus’ Capitol?

•             Porth Gwidan - (Grangemouth Fort and Port, Falkirk)

•             Ynys Myrun - (* Fictional College, Loch Lugh) Island of Inchmurrin, Loch Lomond.

Epidia (u)/Epidii.

•             DunBalla - (North Ballacluish peninsula, Fort William, Highlands) * fictional fort

•             *DunAdda - (Dunstaffnage Peninsula Fort, Dunbeg, Oban)

•             DunOlwyn - (Dunollie Castle, Ganavan, Oban)

Wenyllon/Venicones.

•             DunFfaurlyn – (Dunfermline)

•             *CaerMelyn – (Bryn Gowan Hillfort, Stirling) Lleu Llaw Gyffes’ Capitol?

•             DunBerth - (Perth Fort, Perth, Perthshire)

•             DunMorfa - (Moncreiffe Hillfort, Perth)

Albion.

Selgofa (u)/Selgovae.

•             *DunEil - (Eildon triple Hills Fortress, Melrose, Dumfries & Galloway) Cridas’ Capitol?

•             CaerCalchfyn - (Kelso Fort, Dumfries & Galloway)

•             CaerCawstrym – (Coldstream, Dumfries & Galloway)

•             CaerLafan - (Caerlaverock, Dumfries & Galloway)

•             CaerCarwyn - (* Fictional Hillfort north-east of Thankerton, Dumfries and Galloway)

•             CaerCarbwyn, - (* Fictional Hillfort South of Thankerton, Dumfries and Galloway)

•             Draenwen – (Symington, Dumfries & Galloway) Cadwy's * Fictional new land of Bidog.

Damnonia (u)/Damnonii.

•             DunAlclwyd - (Alt-Clut - Dumbarton Fort, ‘Rock of the Britons’, Galloway)

•             CaerGlâs – (Green Hollow Camp – Molendinar Burn, Glasgow)

Enouanta/Novantae.

•             DunEryr/Edin - (Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh)

•             DunAyr – (Ayr, north-western Galloway)

•             DunNova - (Dunragit, Galloway)

•             DunPeris - (Dumfries Castle, Dumfries, Dumfries & Galloway)

Fotadina (u)/Votadini/Otadini.

•             DunGwardd – (Bamburgh Castle, Lindisfarne, Cumbria)

•             DunBâr – (Dunbar, Scotland)

•             Ynys Medcaut - (Lindisfarne Island, Medcaut Bay, Cumbria)

Breged/Rheged.

Carfeta (u)/Carvetii.

•             *CaerLiwelyd - (Carlisle Fort, Carlisle)

•             CaerDurn - (Cardurnock, Near Carlisle)

•             DunEithyn - (Clifton Hill Fort, Near Penrith, Cumbria)

•             CaerDroia - (Brough Castle, Kirby Stephen, Cumbria)

Lupocara (u)/Lupocares.

•             DunArth - (Barnard Castle, near Startforth, County Durham)

Breganta (au)/Brigantes.

•             *CaerUswer - (Isurium Brigantium - Uswer Fort, Aldborough, North Yorkshire)

•             DunRheadr - (Stanwick Camp, Forcett, North Yorks) Cartimandua’s fortress.

•             CaerGwenddoleu – (Carwinley, near Arthuret, Cumbria)

•             CaerCaratauc/Catraeth – (Catterick Fort, North Yorks)

•             CaerCoria - (Shildon Hill Fort, Corbridge, North Yorkshire)

•             CaerMeguiaid – (Manchester Fortress)

Gabrantofica (u)/Gabrantovices.

•             DunBrag - (Malton Fort, North Yorkshire)

•             CaerHalmon – (Castle Hill, Almondbury, Kirklees, Huddersfield)

•             CaerEbor/Efwr - (The Land of Effwrog - York Fortress, York)

Coritana (u)/Coritanii/Corieltafora.

•             CaerDaun/Dôn – (Doncaster Fort, Yorks) Coritana

•             *DunEpon  - (Alston hillfort – Roman Epiacum – Goddess Epona?) Coritana

•             CaerLindon/LoitCoit - (Lincoln Castle, Lincoln) Coritana

•             *CaerCorion/Lerion – (Old Sleaford Fort, Leicester) Corieltaufi

•             CaerBwrd - (Ratae - Burrough on the Hill, Leicester) Corieltaufi

•             DunCoriel - (Nottingham Castle, Nottingham) Corieltaufi

Seganta (u)/Segantii/Setantii.

•             CaerLôn/Hirfryn – (Lancaster Fort)

•             CaerLleifiad – (Liverpool Fortress)

Cornafa (u) Calon/Central Cornovii.

•             CaerOgyrfan – (Oswestry Camp)

•             CaerGuoranegon – (Worcester Fort, Worcester)

•             DunLaw – (The Lawley hillfort, Shropshire)

•             CaerCaradoc – (Hillfort above Cardington, Shropshire)

•             *CaerUricorn – (The Wrekin, near Wroxeter, Shropshire) King Iddel’s Capitol?

•             CaerGwrygon/Urnahc - (Wroxeter Fort, Wroxeter, Shropshire)

•             CaerGwern/Wythig - (Alder Hill Fort, Shrewsbury)

•             CaerHeleddwen – (Nantwich Fort)

•             CaerHeledDdu – (Northwich Fort)

Brythonau Dde/Southern Brythons.

Casufelawny/Casuvellaunii/Catuvellauni.

•             DunCerrigddu - (Blackstone Fort, Bewdley, Worcs.)

•             CaerHalen - (Salinae - Old Bowling Green, Droitwich, Worcs) Major salt producers.

•             DunBorthmyn - (Hunsbury Camp, Northampton)

•             *CaerGwlyb - (Devil’s Dyke Fort, Wheathampstead, Herts) King Caswallawn’s Capital.

•             CaerMencipiwr - (Cair Mencipit – Gorhambury Fort, Saint Albans, Herts)

•             CaerDieldy - (Arbury Banks Hillfort, Ashwell, Herts)

•             CaerAnial - (Wilbury Hill, Letchworth, Herts). 

•             CaerCigfran - (Ravensburgh Castle, Hexton near Hitchin, Herts)

•             DunAlberic - (Aubrey Hill Fort, Redbourn, Herts).

Eceni (au)/Ecenii.

•             *CaerCeni - (Caister St Edmunds, Norwich)

•             CaerCenn - (Ken Hill, Snettisham, Kings Lynn, Norfolk)

•             CaerBryncyff - (Woodcock Hill, Thetford, Norfolk)

.

Atrebata (u)/Atrebates.

•             CaerDisglair - (Beacon Hill, Burghclare, Hamphire)

•             CaerFuddai/DunRegin - (Chichester Fortress, West Sussex)

•             CaerCalli/Celemion  - (Calleva Atrebatum – Silchester Fort, Hampshire)

•             CaerGwynt - (Cair Gwinntguic?)

•             DunFenta - (Venta, Winchester)

Dobynnu/Dobunni/Bodunni.

•             CaerOdor/Britoc - (Bristol Hillfort)

•             CaerLud - (Bristol Hillfort)

•             CaerGloui/Glout - (Gloucester Camp)

•             CaerFaddon/Blaidd - (Bath Fortress)

•             CaerCeri – (Cirencester Fortress)

•             CaerRhyduchen – (Oxford Fortress)

Trinobanta (u)/Trinovanta.

•             DunCamulo - (Colchester Fort, Colchester, Essex)

•             DunErb - (Erbury Camp, Clare Suffolk)

•             CaerGrant – (Grantchester – Cambridge)

•             DunCelmer - (Springfield Hill, Chelmsford, Essex)

•             CaerHerlaw (Harlow Fort, Harlow, Essex)

•             CaerDeuan (Danbury Hill Fort, Danbury, Essex)

Caint (au)/Cantiacu.

•             CaerDubrys & Porth Dubrys - (Dover, Kent)

•             CaerCaint - (Durovernon - Canterbury Fort, Kent)

•             CaerCelgwern - (Bigbury Camp, Harbledown, Kent)

•             DunPentir - (Reculver Fort, Kent)

•             CaerDorbruff/Dauri - (Rochester Fort, Kent)

•             CaerLeman & Porth Leman - (Lympne Camp and harbour, Kent)

Regena (u)/Rhegensis.

•             CaerDerwen - (Goff Park Fort, Crawley, West Sussex)

•             CaerMedas - (Midhurst Hillfort, West Sussex)

•             CaerPensavelcoit – (Pevensey Camp, Sussex)

•             CaerCalli/Segeint - (Silchester Fort, Silchester, Sussex)

Belga (u)/Belgae.

•             CaerGwînt/Guint - (St Catherine’s Hill Fort, Winchester, Hampshire)

•             CaerCoetirion - (Lords Wood Fort, Southampton, Hants)

•             DunYchel - (Fort Ischalis, Charterhouse, Somerset)

•             CaerPeris – (Porchester Castle, Porchester, Hants)

Durotruga (u)/Durotriges.

•             Porth Bŵl - (Poole Harbour, Poole, Dorset)

•             Ynys Glâs – (Green Isle, in Poole harbour and trading post for the Durotriges tribe)

•             CaerGifel - (Yeovil Fort, Yeovil, Somerset)

•             CaerLynd - (Ilchester Fort, Dorset)

•             CaerDauri – (Dorchester Camp, Dorset)

•             DunMai - (Maiden Castle, Dorset)

Dufnoniau/Dumnonii.

•             CaerCad - (Cadbury Castle, South Cadbury, near Yeovil, Somerset)

•             CaerCamalet – (Camalet Fortress, Somerset)

•             CaerWysg - (Exeter Fort, Exeter, Dorset) 

•             CaerCoeduon - (Woodbury Hill Fort, Exmouth, Devon)

•             CaerFwyaren - (Blackberry Fort, Honiton, Devon)

•             DunDyrn – (Tintern Fortress, Devon)

•             CaerTelm – (Teyn-Grace Castle, Devon)

•             DunHebog & Disglair Hebog (Selworthy Hill Fort & Beacon, Minehead, Devon)

Cornafau Dde/Southern Cornovii.

•             DunTagell - (Tintagel Castle, Tintagel, Cornwall)

•             CaerBran - (Carn Bran Hillfort, Sancreed, Penwith Peninsula, Cornwall)

•             CaerBrea - (Carn Brea Hillfort, Redruth, Cornwall)

•             CaerCollon  - (Colon Hillfort, Cornwall)

•             CaerManblu - (Chûn Castle, Penzance, Cornwall)

•             CaerGoran - (Dodman Point Hillfort, Mevagissey, Cornwall)

•             DunPenden - (Pennsans Fort, ‘Lescudjack Hill Fort’, Penzance, Cornwall)

•             DunSulien - (Prideaux Castle, Luxulyan, Cornwall)

•             DunPentir - (The Rumps Hillfort, Pentire Point, Cornwall)

Cymbri.

Gangania/Llŷn Peninsula.

•             Dinas Dinlle * Fictional Druidic College – (Llandwrog, Gwynedd, North Wales)

•             DunEmrys - (Beddgelert Hillfort, Gwynedd (Foot of Snowdon) North Wales)

•             CaerBuan - (Buan Hillfort, Boduan near Pwlleli, Llŷn Peninsula, Gwynedd)

•             Caer & Disglair Tudweiliog – (Tudweiliog Hill Fort & Beacon, Llaniestyn, Llŷn Peninsula)

•             CaerBoduan - (Region of Edeyrn, Garn Boduan Hillfort, Nefyn, Llŷn Peninsula)

•             Disglair y Gest -Signal & Outpost Fort – (Above Porthmadoc, Gwynedd)

•             Caer & Disglair Llanystumdwy – (Llanystumdwy Beacon, Criccieth, Llŷn Peninsula)

•             CaerGan  - (Dinas Hillfort, Dinas, Llanwnda, Caernarfon, Gwynedd)

•             CaerCusteint – (Caernarvon Hillfort, above Caernarvon, Gwynedd)

•             CaerCewry  - (Yr Geifl - Tre’r Ceiri Triple Hillfort, near Llithfaen, Llŷn Peninsula)

Decawangly/Deceangli.

•             DunMoel - (Flintshire moors camp, overlooking the Dee estuary and Chester)

•             CaerFenlli – (Moel Fenlli Hillfort in Mold, Flintshire)

•             CaerWyddgrug – (Mold Fort, Flintshire)

•             DunBran – (Llŷs Dinbych. Dinas Bran Hill Fort, Llangollen, Denbigh)

•             DunGanwy/Maelgwn – (Deganwy, Gwynedd, North Wales)

•             DunSylwy – (Llanfihangel Din Sylwy, Dindeathwy, Anglesey)

•             CaerGurcoc? – (Somewhere on Môn)

•             CaerBraint – (Pentraeth Hillfort, Llanddona, Anglesey) * Fictional Plas y Dewin

•             CaerLeb – (Univallate Hill Fort, Brynsiencin, Llanidan Anglesey)

Gorddofica/Ordovices. (Gogledd & Dde – North & South)

•             *DunGorddyg - (Dinorwig, Llyn Padarn, Llanberis, Gwynedd)

•             DunAst – (Dinas, Gwynedd)

•             *CaerAu/Aulidar – (Caerau Fort, Ely, Cardiff)

•             *Caer y Tŵr – (Holyhead Mountain Hill Fort, Holyhead, Anglesey)

Essyllyr/Silures.

•             CaerLud - (Avonmouth Fort, Bristol)

•             CaerDolforwyn - (Royal Hill Fort, Dolforwyn Castle, Newtown, Powys)

•             CaerRhian – (Castell Dinas Hillfort, Dinas, Powys)

•             DunBarlwm – (Twmbarlwm Hill Fort, Near Crosskeys, Newport, Caerphilly)

•             *CaerLlanmelin - (Llanfair Discoed, near Caerwent, Monmouthshire) Silurian Capitol.

•             CaerNedd – (Neath, South Wales)

•             CaerMeguaid – (Meivod, South Wales)

•             CaerLion - (Carleon upon Usk – ancient Brynbuga Town?)

•             CaerWent/Guent – (Chepstow, Momouthshire, Gwent)

Demeta (u)/Demetae.

•             CaerGuorocon – (Fort at Woran/Worren, Pembs)

•             *CaerMyrddin – (Caermarthen, Pembs)

•             CaerDrygarn – (Foel Drygarn on the Preseli Hills, Pembs)

•             CaerHenllys – (Preseli Hills, Pembs)

Wythonau/Octapitae.

•             *CaerCleddau – (Pembroke Castle on the Afon Cleddau)

•             DunCrochan – (Flimston Cauldron Fort, Pembs)

•             CaerClawdd – (Warrior’s Dyke, St. Davids Head, Pembs)

Unknowns;

•             CaerDraithu – (Drayton ?)

•             CaerGuintruis – (Winwick ?)

•             CaerGuorthegern – ( ? )

British Camp, Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern Hills.

FREE 60 page historical supplement; https://docs.google.com/document/d/16ykz2O_KCYf9kfX-6PG2MucGcyj2bjikXjvrL8X8Z2Q/edit